ABSTRACT
Objective: to assess the awareness of people regarding diabetes and their practices about the disease so that a comprehensive education program may be designed to give awareness to the diabetic patients and contribute towards reduction of the complications of the disease
Material and Methods: a cross sectional study which included 714 patients with known type 2 diabetes conducted in Shalimar Hospital, Lahore. The technique used was non probability purposive sampling. A simple questionnaire was distributed in the diabetic clinic and a diabetic nurse filled the questionnaire by asking questions from the patients
Results: mean age was 50.5+/-24.11 years. There were 25.5% males and 7 4.5% females. A large number [37 .2%] were uneducated and only 16.1 % had education above grade 10. Regarding the economic status, 62.9% fell into grade 1 economic status and 12.9% in grade 4. In the study 64.1 % of the patients thought that the disease had no cure. 84.8% of the patients were of the opinion that the disease and the medication would decrease with time. Only 35% patients knew that it may affect different organs of the body irreversibly. 69% of the patients did not walk at all
Conclusion: in a tertiary setup in Lahore, one of the most prosperous cities of Pakistan, the awareness level is quite poor even amongst the people who are suffering from diabetes. The overall education level in our patient group is also very poor. If the awareness level of diabetic patient's remains as it is today, many new faces of diabetic complications will unveil each year. There is a need for an effective disease management program in the country
ABSTRACT
Objective: to assess the awareness of people regarding diabetes and their practices about the disease so that a comprehensive education program may be designed to give awareness to the diabetic patients and contribute towards reduction of the complications of the disease
Material and Methods: a cross sectional study which included 714 patients with known type 2 diabetes conducted in Shalimar Hospital, Lahore. The technique used was non probability purposive sampling. A simple questionnaire was distributed in the diabetic clinic and a diabetic nurse filled the questionnaire by asking questions from the patients
Results: mean age was 50.5.+/-24.11 years. There were 25.5% males and 7 4.5% females. A large number [37.2%] were uneducated and only 16.1 % had education above grade 10. Regarding the economic status, 62.9% fell into grade 1 economic status and 12.9% in grade 4. In the study 64.1 % of the patients thought that the disease had no cure. 84.8% of the patients were of the opinion that the disease and the medication would decrease with time. Only 35% patients knew that it may affect different organs of the body irreversibly. 69% of the patients did not walk at all
Conclusion: in a tertiary setup in Lahore, one of the most prosperous cities of Pakistan, the awareness level is quite poor even amongst the people who are suffering from diabetes. The overall education level in our patient group is also very poor. If the awareness level of diabetic patient's remains as it is today, many new faces of diabetic complications will unveil each year. There is a need for an effective disease management program in the country
ABSTRACT
Four commercially grown wheat varieties of Pakistan, namely Inqilab-91, Chakwal-97, Tatara and Manthar were used for this investigation. For callus induction different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D) along with 0.1 mg/L of Kinetin were evaluated. For regeneration initially different concentrations of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and 6-BenzylAminoPurine (BAP) were tested. Best hormone combinations were further subjected to Kinetin and 6-ã-ã-dimethylallylaminopurine (2iP). For Inqilab-91, Chakwal-97 and Manthar, 3 mg/L of 2,4-D was found optimum, which induced 83.25 percent, 77.75 percent and 95.20 percent of embryogenic calli, respectively. Maximum callus induction (97.18 percent) was observed in Tatara when 2 mg/L of 2,4-D was used. As regard to regeneration, Inqilab-91, Chakwal-97 and Manthar showed maximum regeneration on media containing 0.1 mg/L IAA, 0.4 mg/L Kinetin and 0.5 mg/L 2iP, regenerating 87.25 percent, 81.75 percent and 68.75 percent respectively. For Tatara maximum regeneration of 12.25 percent was obtained on 0.1 mg/L IAA and 2 mg/L of BAP. Presently optimized regeneration method holds promise for facilitating the deployment of agronomical important trait through genetic transformation for the improvement of this important food crop.
Subject(s)
Embryonic Development , Embryonic Development/genetics , Triticum/growth & development , Triticum/genetics , Triticum/metabolism , Crop Production , PakistanABSTRACT
There is scant literature on the existence of IgE (type I allergic reactions) directed against Myocobacterium tuberculosis. To study this problem, total serum IgE (SIgE) and IgE specifically directed against the purified protein derivative of Myocobacterium tuberculosis (PPD-Sp IgE) was determined in 16 patients with AFB positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and their age and sex matched controls. Mean SIgE was significantly higher in PTB than in controls. Mild heating of the serum was necessary to detect the presence of PPD-Sp IgE which was positive in 81.3% PTB. One (6.3%) gave a class I, 9 (56.3%) gave class II and 3 (18.7%) gave class III RAST reactions. PPD-Sp IgE was absent in 3(18.7%). There were no class IV reactions. Control sera were negative for PPD-Sp IgE. Though the RAST test had a sensitivity of 80.1%, a specificity of 100% and a positive predictive value of 100%, we do not advocate this test as a diagnostic test. We have used this test to demonstrate the existence of PPD-Sp IgE and thus the existence of Type I allergic reactions against the PPD antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its value in relation to clinical symptoms and its site of local production need further studies.